Presso i Laboratori diretti da Lorenzo Moretta e Maria Cristina Mingari dell'Istituto Giannina Gaslini
Scoperto a Genova come il melanoma aggira le difese immunitarie
di oggisalute | 9 luglio 2012 | pubblicato in Ricerca
Identificato a Genova presso i Laboratori diretti da Lorenzo Moretta e Maria Cristina Mingari dell’Istituto Giannina Gaslini, con la collaborazione dell’Università di Genova e l’Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, il meccanismo grazie al quale il melanoma riesce ad eludere il sistema immunitario e proliferare.
Lo studio, pubblicato sulla prestigiosa Cancer Research, potrà portare a sperimentazioni cliniche mirate al ripristino delle difese immunitarie. Gli autori rivelano come il melanoma, tumore maligno molto aggressivo, sia in grado di sfuggire al controllo del sistema immunitario e in particolare delle cellule Natural killer.
Lo studio è stato effettuato dalla dottoressa Gabriella Pietra che collabora presso i laboratori dell’Istituto Gaslini. Il sistema immunitario difende il nostro organismo dalle infezioni microbiche e dai tumori. La “sorveglianza” nei confronti dei tumori è principalmente dovuta ai linfociti T ed alle cellule Natural Killer (NK).
Tuttavia, in alcuni casi, le cellule tumorali riescono ad eludere il controllo del sistema immunitario e quindi a sopravvivere e a diffondersi nell’organismo perchè mettono in atto strategie in grado di inibire l’azione dei linfociti. I ricercatori genovesi hanno dimostrato come le cellule di melanoma, quando incontrano le cellule NK, producono sostanze (la PGE-2 e la kinurenina) in grado di bloccare le cellule NK, le quali, giunte a contatto con il tumore, vengono letteralmente “disarmate”.
Come conseguenza, le cellule NK, con armi spuntate e senza munizioni efficaci, assistono impotenti alla moltiplicazione e al diffondersi delle cellule tumorali. Tuttavia lo studio presenta anche una nota di ottimismo: chiarito il meccanismo con il quale le cellule NK vengono disarmate, è possibile controbatterlo.
In particolare, gli autori dello studio dimostrano (in laboratorio) che l’utilizzo di farmaci che bloccano la PGE-2 o l’enzima che produce la kinurenina (IDO), permette alle cellule NK di “recuperare le armi” e di uccidere le cellule del tumore. Viene così indicata da questo studio una via di tutto rilievo per progettare sperimentazioni cliniche mirate al ripristino delle difese immunitarie duramente fiaccate dal tumore.
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